It will become obvious while learning that there are 2 kinds of sounds in this(or any) script: ह् रस् व(short) and दईर् घ(long). Based on how long we pull a sound, we can create new similar yet distinct sounds, for the purpose of maximising the number of chainable units we have. As a result, there is a long and short version of each letter: Vowels: अ/आ, इ/ई, उ/ऊ, ए/ऐ, ओ/औ. Consonants: ब/ब्. In the case of consonants, the distinction of short and long sounds is made by the small dash at the bottom, which represents that the consonant must not be pronounced completely with the ending अ sound. It is easily identified because half of the consonant disappears when written to be partially pronounced like this. For consonants that can’t practically be halved (र/ड/ट etc), a slightly exceptional system is adopted, or the consonant remains as a dashed character. Some specific cases also have exceptions for when partial consonants join them, either due to it being another letter(क्ष/ज्ञ/श्र) or for no real reason(र - which is rare). I will still introduce this र oddity to make my typing easier, though it is not compulsory to do so. Ex: नमस्कआरः - स् क भ्रमण - भ् र कर्ण - र् ण क्षमआ - क् श बउद्धइ - द् ध A further simplification which may be made is to avoid writing vowels in their entirety each time, by introducing something called मात्रा. This is a method to append vowels in shorthand after consonants, to save both time and effort. A short sound curves backwards(left) to the beginning of the word, and a long sound curves forwards. In some cases, the length may also be determined by the number of मात्रा. Now, the reading clusters are no longer just the words, but the consonant and its matra both. This also serves to enhance readability in longer words. अ cannot be added as a मात्रा, since it exists by default in every consonant. Ex: नमस्कारः, बुद्धि, मातृभाषा, निर्माण, गुरू, दुर्बुद्धेर्युद्धे Some other obvious things like आ्=अ, ई्=इ can be derived easily. Now we have a definite system of clusters by which our language can be formed. Permuting these clusters will then allow us to form various words.